traditional ethical theories

An Overview of Traditional Ethical Theories. Classical theories in this vein includeutilitarianism, Kantianism, and some forms of contractarianism. Ethical Absolutism There are eternal, universally applicable moral principles to concrete situations and contexts. All theories (whether scientific or ethical) are built upon basic assumptions. Utilitarianism – John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), viewed as one of the chief architects of utilitarianism, argued that the correctness of actions should be judged by their consequences (i.e., whether the act produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people). In other words, the ethics encompass the human rights and responsibilities, the way to lead a good life, the language of right … Here are a few ethical theories to whet your appetite: Virtue ethics states that character matters above all else. There are at least two main criteria that each moral theory must fulfil: first, the criterion of justification (that is, the particular moral theory should not contain any contradictions) and, second, the criterion of applicability (that is, the particular moral theory should solve concrete problems and offer ethical orientation). Traditional ethical theories are the normative theories adopting an absolutist point of view on ethics (ethical absolutism) 18. Two problems are generally associated with the use of this philosophy:  first, how one person defines good may differ significantly from that of another; and second, it is difficult to predetermine all of the consequences of a given action. In scientific theories these assumptions represen… Teleology – Based on the writings of Aristotle (384-322 BC), the theory of teleology provides one with a two-step approach to determining the right course of action: first, determine the proper end and then decide the means for achieving it. Consider the following two basic moral questions: (1) Whatkinds of thing are intrinsically valuable, good or bad? They argue that although thecategories of “men” and “women” arephysiologically distinct, the potential of feminism to liberate bothmen and wome… SLIDE 3 – FORMS OF ETHICAL THEORIES For individuals, the ethical theory they employ for decision making guidance emphasizes aspects of an ethical dilemma important to them and leads them to the most ethically correct resolution according to the guidelines within the ethical theory itself. Utilitarianism, first popularized by British philosophers … Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Each one of these theories looks at our ethical behavior in different ways. Feminist approaches to ethics: Moral agent is enmeshed in relationships and context, rather than the individualistic view of the moral agent. Is it wrong to lie? Business ethics theories include the moral principles or codes a company implements to ensure that all individuals working in the company act with acceptable behavior. A deontological ethical theory is one which seeks to explain the inherent rightness or wrongness of an action. When compared to normative ethics and applied ethics, the field of metaethics is the least precisely defined area of moral philosophy. There are two major ethics theories that attempt to specify and justify moral rules and principles: utilitarianism and deontological ethics. In a school setting, questions that need to be asked are:  “What are we trying to achieve?” and “Are we going about this in the right way?”  Care needs to be taken so that concern for achieving a goal does not overshadow ethical standards. ( Log Out /  Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. The basic structure of an ethical theory is that it must account for what makes a "right" action different from a "wrong" one. Is it right to help someone? Ethical Egoism: The ethical egoism is a teleological theory that posits, an action is good if it produces or is likely to produce results that maximize the person’s self-interest as defined by him, even at the expense of others. (2) What makesan action right or wrong? Types of Teleological Ethical Theories. Ethical principles are derived from religions, philosophies and cultural ideals. What determines the moral standards that underlie particular theories are their basic assumptions about ethics and ethical behavior. The second prominent concept, deontological ethics, is associated with the father of modern... Virtue Ethics. Modern and Classical Ethical Theories. The lens through which they see the world, it colors every perception, biases every alleged “outrage.” People use philosophy to analyze potential knowledge and make all morally significant decisions. Relativism determines morals and ethics according to the society that is being observed. They argue is present in traditional theories (a) Consequentialism (and utilitarianism) Whether an act is morally right depends solely on consequences or the goodness of consequences. The ethics of care perspective stands in stark contrast to ethical theories that rely on principles to highlight moral actions—such as Kantian deontology, utilitarianism, and justice theory—and is not meant to be absolute and incontrovertible. The term is also applied to any system or … Consider the following two basic moral questions: (1) What … Relativism is a theory that deems your moral obligations and beliefs to be based on the individual environment. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, or contractualism, are in accordance with normative individualism in some of their elements. Definition: The Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the principles of morality and the well-defined standards of right and wrong that prescribe the human character and conduct in terms of obligations, rights, rules, benefit to society, fairness, etc. ( HË0‹l©¾×W‚s26. Ethical theories Two types of ethical theories (i) Teleological theories Value based theories = An act is morally right if it promotes the good or what has value. Executing people found to be witches was acceptable in … Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Ethics, also called moral philosophy, the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally right and wrong. Everyone has and uses a philosophy. ( Log Out /  An Overview of Traditional Ethical Theories. Living an ethical life, or acting rightly, requires developing and demonstrating the virtues of courage, compassion, wisdom, and temperance. The correctness of a decision or choice is investigated by asking the question “why?” and discovering the implied moral principles involved. Traditional moral theories rest on principles that determine whether an action is right or wrong. Traditional Ethical Theories and Contemporary Environment Ethics. Many modern ethical theories, e.g. Virtue ethics and care ethics Virtue ethics. Codes of ethics, although containing viable assumptions and beliefs, often do not provide answers to the real-life … Ethical Theories Utilitarian Ethics. For example, in American culture cannibalism is considered taboo, while in other cultures the act of consuming other human flesh is accepted as a sacrifice or ritual. Deontology – The German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) believed that decisions or choices should be based on moral principles that can be applied universally. We may define metaethics as the study of the origin and meaning of ethical concepts. Utilitarianism (also called consequentialism) is a moral theory developed and refined in the modern world in the writings of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). There are four major ethical theories: deontology (or duty), utilitarianism, rights, and virtue. Although environmental ethicists often try to distance themselvesfrom the anthropocentrism embedded in traditional ethical views(Passmore 1974, Norton 1991 are exceptions), they also quite oftendraw their theoretical resources from traditional ethical systems andtheories. Utilitarianism: A Theory of Consequences. (b) Virtue ethics Although environmental ethicists often try to distance themselves from the anthropocentrism embedded in traditional ethical views (Passmore 1974, Norton 1991 are exceptions), they also quite often draw their theoretical resources from traditional ethical systems and theories. These theories offered overarching moral principles to use to resolve difficult moral decisions. Deontology Consequentialistethical theories consider intrinsic“value” / “disvalue” or “goodness” /“badness” t… There are various ethical theories with differences on how they address ethics and morality including virtue theory, deontological ethics, and utilitarianism. Ethical Theories. Ethics is about doing what is right for other people and for the society. Modern ethics tends to coldly calculate its approach to ethics. Once an individual has chosen to accept moral principles, that person needs to obey and apply them at all times and in all cases. This theory may be appealing to people who have been told that being selfish is wrong and that they should promote the well being o a group such as mothers to their families. Gender binarism, which is the view that there are only twogenders—male and female—and that everyone is only one ofthem (Dea 2016a, 108), is assumed by most feminist ethicists in the1970s and 1980s (Jaggar 1974; Daly 1979). ¸Õ¬¾&š÷[°b+¶»6îZ÷]£ºÆÚеïºV!t­U “ Ethics seeks to resolve questions of human morality by defining concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime. Change ). Business owners and managers can use an ethics theory they deem most appropriate for use in their operations. 2.4 Limitations of traditional normative theories This section has provided a brief overview of the normative ethical theories which are influential in ethical thought. ( Log Out /  Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. In spite of these two concerns, this ethical approach to decision making can provide the teacher with the motivation to examine which consequences of actions should be considered. Virtue theories claim that ethics is about agents, not actions or consequences. The idea is that ethical decisions are made based on the consequences of the action, which is why it... Deontological Ethics. Traditionally, ethics has been viewed as the study of what kinds of actions are right and wrong, how the world is and how it ought to be, what kinds of decisions are made and what kinds of decisions ought to be made. A weakness associated with this theory is the lack of concern for the consequences of actions. In other words, achieving the purpose or end justifies the means for achieving it. These basic assumptions, while themselves seldom proven, nevertheless provide the conceptual foundations that, through logical analysis, theories build their explanations upon. Judgments about what is ethically right or wrong have changed over time. Most traditional moral theories rest on principles that determine whether an action is right or wrong. ( Log Out /  ¢àÝɳu˪×[GÉÏc¬M/°Õ o@FW$›Oüΰmßwwø£ùnA¯ãp&¤iTèYÎ9õŸÿäAw>ú3Þ9dgùª•(ì‚ÛEW’*h$u9UŠˆDªÎŽ¢T%“ˆI4 +Œg¶~ü°UÿÁHZä8gÄbêƒøʗ@£¥fL–Wìh'ó(ø¬eýP0Ý| A first important advantage of normative individualism is that it makes these implications of traditional ethical theories explicit: (1) These theories mainly offered the use of overarching moral principles to resolve difficult moral decisions. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. As a field of intellectual inquiry, moral philosophy also is related to the fields of moral psychology, descriptive ethics, and value theory. 1ñ, Ã÷wŠ‰Ç´EÈív»_N_N´pÜlðl5wÁÑ¢p`’>~%‡–àl”ÇÉ:Þx¬ÍGº¼à»>T±ËŽcêPA‰•¥« 7‰G´-gûî¡s¡£Òu¡«ÝtBè¨t]èÜ{€®U•®]ý K3Av(\¶Æ½À–Z© Traditionally, ethics has been viewed as the study of what kinds of actions are right and wrong, how the world is and how it ought to be, what kinds of decisions are made and what kinds of decisions ought to be made. The term \"meta\" means after or beyond, and, consequently, the notion of metaethics involves a removed, or bird's eye view of the entire project of ethics. 3 Approaches to Ethics: Principles, Outcomes and Integrity ... but establishing ethical theories into their three schools is a useful way to understand ethics. Some of these feministscriticize male supremacy without thereby preferring female supremacy(Frye 1983; Card 1986; Hoagland 1988). The virtue ethics approach in moral philosophy defends the view that when deciding how to live, we should consider not what would make the world a better place or what norms we should obey, but rather what kind of moral agents we want to be. Virtue ethics takes its philosophical root in the work of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. In other words, there must be a way to refer an action to some conception of the good to judge it as conforming to the good, or … A few different business ethics theories exist, such as the utilitarian, rights, justice, common good and … The case of virtue ethics is more complicated. It also requires the avoidance of vices like greed, jealousy, and selfishness. c•¦û%Ž˜ÆQ„Q™xg\±Jz¢œ¤ô&8»aq1wK'Å Traditional ethical theory claims that we can mold our emotional responses through rational standards. However, many (traditional) moral theories are unable to meet the second criterion and simply fall short of the high deman… The first theory is Ethical Egoism, which is the idea that each person ought to act in such a manner as to promote, or maximize, his or her self interest. It tends to take the emotions as a given and because they cannot be changed they are an obstacle to ethical action. He gives paramount status to moral rules. It covers issues from moral semantics to moral epistemology. Codes of ethics, although containing viable assumptions and beliefs, often do not provide answers to the real-life problems encountered by teachers, nor do they outline a framework for ethical decision making. Classical theories in this vein include utilitarianism, Kantianism, and some forms of contractarianism. Intrinsic“Value” / “disvalue” or “goodness” /“badness” t… traditional ethical theories is about doing what is right. 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