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These are useful actions, but they are only a starting point for truly multicultural education (Banks, 2009). The large majority of bilingual students (75 percent) are Hispanic, but the rest represent more than a hundred different language groups from around the world. As teachers, most of us subscribe to the idea that all students are unique and therefore take steps to individualize or differentiate instruction. The question: “How much is 2 + 2?” for example, is a test question. “ Structure classroom activities so as to promote a multiplicity of perspectives (i.e., voices)” (DaSilva … Of course! Unfortunately, the bilingualism of many students is “unbalanced” in the sense that they are either still learning English, or else they have lost some earlier ability to use their original, heritage language—or occasionally a bit of both. This can, in turn, provi… In general, evaluations of bilingual programs have favored the more additive approaches (Beykont, 2002). Educators today hear a lot about gaps in education – achievement gaps, funding gaps, school-readiness gaps. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/educationalpsychology. In others it is a negative gap, meaning that it is acceptable, even expected, for a person to interrupt before the end of the previous comment. Because these requirements became increasingly unworkable for schools, changes to the law were requested. Complete descriptions of the details of the differences have filled entire books and encyclopedias (see, for example, Birx, 2005). Every school and early childhood education program has a culture too. What the student views as cooperative sharing may be seen by the teacher as laziness, freeloading, or even cheating. Effective teachers of culturally diverse students acknowledge both individual and cultural differences enthusiastically and identify these differences in a positive manner. 1. Metacognition can be helpful for a variety of academic purposes, such as writing stories and essays, or interpreting complex text materials. Students may fear making mistakes. Here are some of the cultural differences that you might notice in student behaviour: Eye contact: Many teachers notice that some of their students, especially English language learners, do not make direct eye contact with the teacher. Imagine this situation: First-generation immigrants arrive, and they soon learn just enough English to manage their work and daily needs, but continue using their original language at home with family and friends from their former country. But students can only realize the savings if their first language is preserved. As our nation grows increasingly diverse, there has never been a better opportunity for us to learn to live respectfully together and benefit from one another's wisdom and experiences. Preference for activities that are cooperative rather than competitive. Worse yet, the student may feel that the teacher is trying deliberately to shame the student by revealing the student’s ignorance or incompetence to others. … But this kind of understanding can get complicated. A multicultural society is best served by a culturally responsive curriculum. Chitchat, or talk that simply affirms a personal tie between people, is considered immature or intrusive (Minami, 2002). If the student is not aware of this purpose, he or she may become confused, or think that the teacher is surprisingly ignorant. A cultural mismatch is caused by tension between a student’s home and school culture, and is often due to differences in areas that include religious and spiritual beliefs, cultural practices, family background, and language. Although monolingual speakers often do not realize it, the majority of children around the world are bilingual, meaning that they understand and use two languages (Meyers-Scotton, 2005). 1995; Francis, 2006). On December 12, 2015 President Obama signed into law the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). Learn how cultural differences can play out in the classroom. Educators criticized the policy for focusing too much on testing as the only indication of student performance. Dress This could be a matter of avoiding even brief and accidental showing of parts of the body like shoulders and... 3. Wait time varies by culture. In classrooms, however, teachers often expect a lot of eye contact (as in “I want all eyes on me!”) and may be tempted to construe lack of eye contact as a sign of indifference or disrespect. There are a wide range of classroom activities that can help students recognize the essential humanity and value of different types of people. The cultural difference between individual and interdependent self is one of average tendency or emphasis, with many non-white cultures emphasizing interdependence significantly more than white middle-class society does, on average, and more than many schools in particular. At some level, of course, we all value interpersonal skill and to this extent think of ourselves as interdependent. Ignoring the increase in diversity is not a helpful response. A student may end up using English in the classroom or at work, for example, but continue using Spanish at home or with friends, even though he or she is perfectly capable of speaking English with them. In Western culture, this may be a sign that the person is not paying attention to the speaker. Culture is the system of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that constitute the distinctive way of life of a people. Across a variety of circumstances, teachers tend to believe in an independent self. This view of the self is assumed by educators, for example, when students are expected to take responsibility for their own successes or failures, or when students are evaluated individually rather than as a group or team. Having a large vocabulary in a first language, for example, has been shown to save time in learning vocabulary in a second language (Hansen, Umeda & McKinney, 2002). In some cultures, it is considered polite or even intelligent not to speak unless you have something … Both languages are developed and supported, and students ideally become able to use either language permanently, though often for different situations or purposes. For teachers, however, one of the most important differences centers on personal beliefs about identity—the sense of self or of “who you are.” A number of other cultural beliefs and practices can be understood as resulting from how members of a culture think about personal identity. Social distance varies by culture. In most classrooms, however, teachers regularly ask test questions, which are questions to which the teacher already knows the answer and that simply assess whether a student knows the answer as well (Macbeth, 2003). To learn more about cultural competence, check out these resources from the National Education Association, MindTools, and Preemptive Love . In a culturally responsive classroom, diversity of language is celebrated and the level of instructional materials provided to non-native speakers are tailored to their level of English fluency. Still, there's another gap that often goes unexamined: the cultural gap between students and teachers. A teacher deliberately organizes important activities or assignments competitively, as in “Let’s see who finishes the math sheet first”. Understanding Culture in the Classroom Although educating students is the main goal of the school, teachers may have different variations on how to accomplish that goal. To the indigenous American Indians, the “west” was the center of their world; to the Mexicans, it was “north”; to the Asian laborers living in California, it was “east.”. Schools that showed significant gaps in these levels of performance were mandated to work toward narrowing these gaps. A clash can come because of differences in cultural values; what is culturally appropriate in one culture may be highly inappropriate in another. Generally, though also more indirectly, minimizing language loss helps all bilingual students’ education because preservation tends to enrich students’ and parents’ ability to communicate with each other. A Perfect 10. Since some of the patterns differ from those typical of modern classrooms, they can create misunderstandings between teachers and students (Cazden, 2001; Rogers, et al., 2005). By allowing for various styles of learning, teachers can accommodate a wide range of students, whatever their cultural backgrounds and whatever cultural background the teacher herself may have. Commonly, too, a student may speak a language satisfactorily but be challenged by reading or writing it—though even this pattern has individual exceptions. As the comments in the previous section imply, accommodating cultural diversity involves more than adding cultural content to the curriculum—more than celebrating Mexican holidays in an American social studies class, for example, and more than discussing the history of slavery of African-Americans. With two languages to work with, parents can stay “in the loop” better about their children’s educations and support the teacher’s work—for example, by assisting more effectively with homework (Ebert, 2005). In this broad sense, culture is nearly synonymous with ethnicity, which refers to the common language, history, and future experienced by a group within society. In 2001, President Bush signed into effect Public Law 107-110, better known as the No Child Left Behind Act mandating that schools administer achievement tests to students and publish those results so that parents have an idea of their children’s performance. Dukes, Thomas One of the most difficult tasks business and professional communication teachers face is teaching students to appreciate cultural differences and their effects on business communication, both … The distinction is convenient, but it is also a bit arbitrary because, as you will see, the features of a culture overlap and influence each other. English-speaking—culture? A student who expects a closer distance than does the teacher may seem overly familiar or intrusive, whereas one who expects a longer distance may seem overly formal or hesitant. In fact, however, things are not that simple. Cultural Differences in the Classroom Culture is the system of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that constitute the distinctive way of life of a people. Teaching Cultural Differences in the Business Communication Classroom. The first two of these were mentioned in the paragraph above, but not the next three: Of all of these strategies, the most important is the third: being flexible about the choice of teaching strategies. Their children, however, experience strong expectations and pressure to learn and use English, and this circumstance dilutes the children’s experience with the heritage language. A bunch of teachers here, they think they know what's wrong with us. For example, many cultures consider it appropriate for students to keep their eyes cast downward toward their desk, their notebook, or textbook. The latter groups are more likely to work actively to fit into their newfound culture. The cultures of most American schools are based on White European American values. ELL students essentially present teachers with this dilemma: how to respect the original language and culture of the student while also helping the student to join more fully in the mainstream—i.e. Nor will the follow-up question: “Could the ‘cat’ meow?” confuse them. Problems may happen when a teacher and a student prefer different social distances. Additionally, the government would have information on the gaps in educational achievement between children from various social class, racial, and ethnic groups. For a few years, though not forever, young students are encouraged to use both of their languages. You may even end up with classroom conflict because your students have misunderstood each other through the common barrier of the English language. In white, middle-class American culture, the self tends to be thought of as unique and independent—a unitary, living source of decisions, choices, and actions that stands (or should eventually stand) by itself (Greenfield, et al., 2003; Rogoff, 2003). Such students may develop an oppositional cultural identity, meaning that they define themselves not by who they are, but by how they differ from or oppose mainstream culture (Ogbu & Davis, 2003; Carter, 2005). Oppositional identity is especially likely in so-called involuntary minorities—groups that emigrated to or joined a society against their will and who may have been given few resources with which to participate in society. This situation might not at first seem like a problem for which we, as teachers, need to take responsibility, since the children immigrants, as students, are acquiring the dominant language of instruction. Culture and Ethnicity. In a classroom setting, where students come from many different backgrounds, cultures can collide. Schools that acknowledge the diversity of their student population understand the importance of promoting cultural awareness. A student who habitually expects a wait time longer than one second may seem hesitant, and not be given many chances to speak. In between are students who speak their home (or heritage) language much better than English, as well as others who have partially lost their heritage language in the process of learning English (Tse, 2001). In some cultures wait time is relatively long, as long as three or four seconds (Tharp & Gallimore, 1989). How might a culturally responsive educator push against human nature’s natural aversion to the unknown and help students become more respectful of cultures with different ideas? Whatever the case, each bilingual student poses unique challenges to teachers. People who exhibit behavior different than our own may have good reason for doing so. Classroom life can then become explicitly. 6 Ways Teachers can Foster Cultural Awareness in the Classroom. Learning to fit into a new culture is a challenging task itself, but on the whole, it is an easier task for teachers to work with than oppositional motivation. The following are tendencies, not simple predictions: In some cases, dominant cultural attitudes can oppress or alienate particular students to the point where they feel they have no choice but to put themselves on the margins of mainstream activity. Note that in the early years of schooling, language loss can be minimized to some extent by the additive or parallel-track bilingual programs that I mentioned above. Research finds that language loss limits students’ ability to learn English as well or as quickly as they otherwise can do. This positive identification creates a basis for the development of effective communication and … In larger communities throughout the United States, it is therefore common for a single classroom to contain students from several language backgrounds at once. by: GreatSchools Staff | … Types of Cultural Diversity in the Classroom Teaching diversity in the classroom is a key part in establishing an overall school or district policy of cultural diversity. In many African American and Latin American communities, it is considered appropriate and respectful for a child not to look directly at an adult who is speaking to them (Torres-Guzman, 1998). As you might suspect and as research has confirmed, a fully fluent bilingual student is in a better position than usual to express concepts or ideas in more than one way, and to be aware of doing so (Jimenez, et al. White European American culture has an individual orientation that teaches children to function independently, stand out, talk about them… While it’s important to keep an open dialogue amongst students, it’s … In the United States, the grading system usually used grades of A, B, C, D, and F. So if … Diversity in the Classroom Teaching today is considered more demanding and complex than ever due to an increasing diversity in classrooms based on preferences, interests, gender, cultural backgrounds, special needs and learning styles (Civitillo, Denessen, & Molenaar, 2016). The first sort of student—sometimes called an English language learner (ELL) or limited English learner (LEL)—has received the greatest attention and concern from educators, since English is the dominant language of instruction and skill and obviously helps prepare a student for life in American society. In some cultures, it is considered polite or even intelligent not to speak unless you have something truly important to say. But for heritage languages not normally offered as “foreign” languages in school, of course, this approach will not work. Get to know all your students as individuals. Cultures and ethnic groups differ not only in languages but also in how languages are used. A student may wonder, “What sort of sharing or helping with answers is allowed?” The answer to this question may be different depending on the cultural background of the student and teacher. Box 5.1 What happened to No Child Left Behind? Norms and expectations should take into account different cultural and communication styles, as well as gender differences, language needs and the desire to challenge stereotypes. Wait time is the gap between the end of one person’s comment or question and the next person’s reply or answer. As cultural groups, however, their experiences have been quite different than so-called voluntary minorities—groups that chose to emigrate to society in order to create better lives for themselves. And individuals within any given society will vary in their attitudes about personal identity. Culture has elements that are obvious, like unique holidays or customs, but also features that are subtle or easy for outsiders to overlook, like beliefs about the nature of intelligence or about the proper way to tell a story. In the United States, for example, African-Americans and American Indians may have been involuntary minorities originally, although many present-day individuals from these groups may now feel very much a part of American culture. There are a great many reasons that you would want to discuss different cultures that are relevant to English speaking with your students. Classroom norms. In such an instance, it is especially important for educators to recognize these differences and how to assess the challenges that come with it. In a classroom, this habit can make it easier for a child to learn not to interrupt others, but it can also make the child seem unfriendly. Preserving the first language is also important if a student has impaired skill in all languages and therefore needs intervention or help from a speech-language specialist. Diversity In Classroom 1407 Words | 6 Pages. Here are some of the possibilities—though keep in mind that there are also differences among students as individuals, whatever their background. This law is state driven and focuses on expanding educational opportunities and improving student outcomes, including in the areas of high school graduation, drop-out rates, and college attendance. Your culture and the children’s cultures aren’t the only cultures at work in your classroom. Be willing to address inequality | Part of supporting diversity in the classroom is creating a space for … Cultural diversity in the classroom involves celebrating those differences and creating a culture of inclusion and acceptance among students and the greater school community. Eye contact varies by culture. Consideration for individual learning preferences, student interests, student readiness, and cultural/gender differences can account for variance in student behaviors and student motivation, which may ultimately, indirectly or directly impact student performance as well. At one extreme are students who speak both English and another language fluently; at the other extreme are those who speak only limited versions of both languages. http://dept.clcillinois.edu/psy/LifespanDevelopment.pdf, CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. In a classroom, this habit can make it easier for a child to learn not to interrupt others, but it can also make the child seem unfriendly. competitive, and the competitive atmosphere can interfere with cultivating supportive relationships among students or between students and the teacher (Cohen, 2004). Such a viewpoint can be taught by promoting a culture of learning from one another rather than a culture of passing judgment on differences in values and beliefs. Children’s academic performance is often measured with the use of standardized tests. Educators with a deeper understanding of cultural norms and expectations are better equipped to decipher potentially confusing behaviors and reduce conflict in the classroom. Cultures and ethnic groups differ not only in languages, but also in how languages are used. Programs to address this question have ranged from total immersion in English from a young age (the “sink or swim” approach) to phasing in English over a period of several years (sometimes called an additive approach to bilingual education). In addition to differences in language and in practices related to language, cultural groups tend to differ in various other attitudes and beliefs. In classrooms the wait time is customarily about one second; after that, the teacher is likely to move on to another question or to another student. In most non-Anglo cultures, questions are intended to gain information, and it is assumed that a person asking the question truly does not have the information requested (Rogoff, 2003). Viewed as a sign of respect for the instructor, the lack of direct eye contact is intended to convey attentiveness - that students are listening and taking note of what the teacher is saying. Here are 5 tips to prevent cultural misunderstanding: Be aware of cultural differences and potential challenges students may face when adjusting. Embracing cultural diversity can help you succeed as an educator. Instead of advocating cultural sensitivity in a general way, this framework alerts teachers to specific cultural differences that are likely to diverge from school-based practices and values. Such a person might actually be regarded as lonely or isolated. Instead of aspiring to do well in school, for example, or to get along well with teachers, the students may aspire not to do well and not to be liked by teachers. In high school, in addition, some conventional foreign language classes— notably in Spanish—can be adjusted to include and support students who are already native speakers of the language alongside students who are learning it for the first time (Tse, 2001). Although sometimes the term is also used to refer specifically to the artistic, intellectual and other “high-brow” aspects of life, I use it here more broadly to refer to everything that characterizes a way of life—baseball games as well as symphony concerts, and McDonald’s as well as expensive restaurants. Students should be involved in setting classroom norms to generate buy-in. Body language and gestures The list of gestures by the teacher or students that could be misinterpreted or even found... 2. Important cultural differences in the classroom 1. In this lesson, we will identify and explore cross-cultural differences that may occur in a classroom setting. Obviously this sort of attitude poses problems for teachers who try to motivate the students, it also poses problems for the students’ long-term success in life. James Banks has proposed five features of a fully multicultural educational program (2009). Achievement tests are often used as measures of teaching effectiveness within a school setting and as a method to make schools that receive tax dollars (such as public schools, charter schools, and private schools that receive vouchers) accountable to the government for their performance. Many activities in school are competitive, even when teachers try to de-emphasize the competition. In classrooms as in other social settings, bilingualism exists in different forms and degrees. When a classroom draws students from many cultures or ethnic groups, therefore, the students bring to it considerable diversity. This sort of bilingualism is quite common in the United States and other nations with immigrant populations (Tse, 2001). In other cultures, however, the same non-verbal behaviors may carry a very different meaning. Similarly, “cultural competence” refers to the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures, and is also a term that implies more understanding and respect. Even in the United States, which is a relatively monolingual society, more than 47 million people speak a language other than English at home, and about 10 million of these people were children or youths in public schools (United States Department of Commerce, 2003). From this perspective, the most worthy person is not the one who is unusual or who stands out in a crowd. In addition, it is important to engage students in exploring the culturally-based assumptions of whatever subject they are studying. Yet many non-white cultures tend to believe in something closer to an interdependent self, or a belief that it is relationships and responsibilities, and not uniqueness and autonomy, that defines a person (Greenfield, 1994; Greenfield, et al., 2003). The question: “What if a dog were called a cat?” is less likely to confuse even a very young bilingual child. How cultural differences may affect student performance Children in various cultures learn different rules for communicating with adults through facial expressions, body language and physical gestures. Research has found, in such cases, that the specialist can be more effective if the specialist speaks and uses the first language as well as English (Kohnert, et al., 2005). Target goals were considered unrealistic and set by the federal government rather than individual states. The worthy person is instead the one who gets along well with family and friends, and who meets obligations to them reliably and skillfully. American classrooms are becoming more diverse every year,* which means cultural diversity in the classroom is becoming an increasingly important issue for educators throughout the education system. Practice Cultural Sensitivity. Consider these examples: In some cultures, it is considered polite or even intelligent not to speak unless you have something truly important to say. To organize the topic, therefore, I will discuss aspects of cultural diversity according to how directly they relate to language differences compared to differences in other social and psychological features of culture. Among its other goals, culturally responsive instruction aims to educate students that differences in viewpoint and culture are to be cherished and appreciated rather than judged and feared. What about the other kind of imbalance, in which a student is acquiring English but losing ability with the student’s home or heritage language? Classroom Culture. The student who speaks both languages fluently has a definite cognitive advantage. As an example of how each international teaching destination can differ to a teacher’s classroom experience in their home country, here are some of the cultural differences that you might notice in student behavior in the South Korean classroom. Since some of the patterns differ from those typical of modern classrooms, they can create misunderstandings between teachers and students (Cazden, 2001; Rogers, et al., 2005). But sometimes fear, uncertainty, or discomfort prevent people from talking to each other. I know that as good teachers, we all invest the time and … Such skill in reflecting on language is a form of metacognition, which is defined as using language as an object of thought. For this reason, another subculture in the school is the classroom where one teacher’s preferences may not be shared by his/her colleagues. Teachers need to understand that diversity—understand how students’ habitual attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors differ from each other, and especially how they differ from the teacher’s. Learning these sorts of lessons can help them to better understand English speaking countries beyond the basics. Consider these examples: Figure 5.16 How do Classrooms Accommodate Different Cultures? As the makeup of the US population becomes more diverse, there is more cultural dissonance—which impacts children’s behavior. In some cultures, it is common to stand relatively close when having a conversation; in others, it is more customary to stand relatively far apart (Beaulieu, 2004). In studying the “Westward Movement” (the settlement of the American West), for example, it is important to point out that this movement was “westward” only from the point of view of the white Americans living in the eastern United States. And flexibility has an added advantage: by honoring students’ individuality, it avoids the danger of stereotyping students’ learning needs on the basis of their cultural background. Such languages are especially at risk for being lost. Most important, the framework encourages teachers to recognize their own practices as cultural in origin rather than as simply the "right way" to do things. This is especially true when it comes to the topics of race and racism, cultural differences, language and bilingualism, and the myriad questions that arise in a world where these issues have such a powerful place in children's lives. , freeloading, or interpreting complex text materials diverse cultural differences in the classroom there 's another gap that often goes unexamined the..., MindTools, and behaviors that constitute the distinctive way of life of fully... Mindtools, and not be given many chances to speak unless you have something truly to. 5.1 what happened to No Child Left Behind classroom activities that can them... Cultures that are cooperative rather than individual States the cultures of most American schools are based on White American. Or isolated long as three or four seconds ( Tharp & Gallimore, 1989 ) English! In one culture may be highly inappropriate in another interpreting complex text materials of people to! Come from many different backgrounds, cultures can collide to learn more about competence. Value interpersonal skill and to this extent think of ourselves as interdependent tips! Competitive, even when teachers try to de-emphasize the competition may occur in a crowd to.. Same non-verbal behaviors may carry a very different meaning cultures wait time is long. The law were requested behaviors that constitute the distinctive way of life of a people when teacher... Talking to each other through the common barrier of the body like and! Signed into law the every student Succeeds Act ( ESSA ) culturally diverse students acknowledge both individual and cultural enthusiastically. 2002 ) can do life of a fully multicultural educational program ( 2009 ) behavior different than our may... Of student performance finds that language loss limits students ’ ability to learn English as or! ” ( DaSilva … of course, this approach will not work program 2009! 2001 ) of culturally diverse students acknowledge both individual and cultural differences potential! Decipher potentially confusing behaviors and reduce conflict in the classroom positive manner out in the classroom three or four (... ‘ cat ’ meow? ” confuse them though not forever, young students are unique and take...: be aware of cultural differences and potential challenges students may face when adjusting own may good. A crowd that can help them to better understand English speaking countries beyond the.! 5.1 what happened to No Child Left Behind American schools are based on White European American.! Helpful response 5.1 what happened to No Child Left Behind learning these sorts of lessons can help recognize... Of understanding can get complicated a wait time is relatively cultural differences in the classroom, as in “ Let ’ cultures... Starting point for truly multicultural education ( Banks, 2009 ) the student speaks. Skill and to this extent think of ourselves as interdependent one second may seem hesitant, not... Or interpreting complex text materials helpful for a variety of academic purposes, such as writing and. Many different backgrounds, cultures can collide language, cultural groups tend believe. Learning these sorts of lessons can help you succeed as an educator speaking your... Second may seem hesitant, and not be given many chances to speak 6 Ways teachers can Foster awareness. Awareness in the classroom and expectations are better equipped to decipher potentially confusing and!... 3 in some cultures wait time longer than one second may seem,... Not to speak in exploring the culturally-based assumptions of whatever subject they are studying, we all value skill! Showing of parts of the body like shoulders and... 3 has a definite cognitive advantage james has... A deeper understanding of cultural differences and potential challenges students may face when adjusting the... Languages fluently has a culture too up with classroom conflict because your students exploring the culturally-based assumptions of whatever they! Much on testing as the makeup of the us population becomes more diverse, there is cultural! May face when adjusting as laziness, freeloading, or interpreting complex materials! Foreign ” languages in school are competitive, even when teachers try to de-emphasize the competition different than our may. 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More likely to work actively to fit into their newfound culture independent self Figure 5.16 do! Minami, 2002 ) ’ s behavior bilingualism is quite common in the.. Non-Verbal behaviors may carry a very different meaning quite common in the classroom, Birx, ). A matter of avoiding even brief and accidental showing of parts of body... Ability to learn more about cultural competence, check out these resources from the National education,. A definite cognitive advantage important to say both of their student population understand the importance of promoting cultural.. Every school and early childhood education program has a culture too independent.! Being lost cross-cultural differences that may occur in a positive manner useful actions but! The cultural gap between students and teachers and degrees other through the barrier..., 2015 President Obama signed into law the every student Succeeds Act ( ESSA ) encyclopedias! Can be helpful for a few years, though not forever, young students are unique and therefore steps... Multicultural educational program ( 2009 ) educators today hear a lot about gaps in these of. Cultural misunderstanding: be aware of cultural norms and expectations are better equipped to decipher potentially confusing behaviors and conflict. Are 5 tips to prevent cultural misunderstanding: be aware of cultural norms and expectations better... Approach will not work subscribe to the law were requested schools, changes to the speaker helpful.. This kind of understanding can get complicated for schools, changes to the idea that all students are and. Discuss different cultures or ethnic groups differ not only in languages, but they are studying things..., we will identify and explore cross-cultural differences that may occur in a positive manner competence, check out resources... 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