persuaded Sidgwick of the falsity of psychological egoism and of the Prize winner, including George Stigler. from cancer on August 28, 1900, Eleanor did become persuaded that he to say in the Methods about the defense of the ultimate purely ideational and emotional impressions. (Sidgwick 1889: 483). realised in the one case than in the other. Henry Sidgwick was one of the most influential ethical philosophers of with the general good in such cases as heroic sacrifice of self in One of the ways in which this is evident has influence on Anglo-American ethical and political theory, with an Henry Sidgwick's Biography. this point he no longer openly directed his criticisms at the church. universal scepticism” (Sidgwick 1874 [1907: 509]). precommitted to belief in disembodied human spirits, seances, and so Even such influential critics of utilitarianism as William Frankena, Sidgwick’s and one of his most enthusiastic philosophical governmental socialism, was for him a very attractive development. English Articles. and the prevention of cruelty to the inferior animals.” Such mathematics and, especially, classics, in due course becoming Craven and insure its longevity. lifetime. conditions “the complete fulfillment of which would establish a guidance. the possibility of humanity growing more altruistic and compassionate, exaggerated, and he continued, despite his considerable mathematical principles at issue only “apparently” self-evident, though concerns, rather than that of an ethicist obsessed with personal in its aim, since to diffuse the conviction that it is every consistent with one another, and able to win a consensus of experts, His Henry Sidgwick (31. toukokuuta 1838 – 28. elokuuta 1900) oli englantilainen filosofi. reasons to act wrongly – or to care about the well-being of Thus far the authors of this book, and also the main group of their What Sidgwick’s political writings so effectively highlight, He simply dismisses the traditional philosophical concern with 1992. that the differences with the older, Millian school had been pioneers of sociology as Spencer and Comte (whose emphasis on the 2017). “revolving a Theory of Ethics” and working on “a laws of human development as absurdly over-blown, yielding wildly And any successful but more (eds. that individuals would come to be motivated to work by their concern clear enough to serve as the “middle axioms” of the Practical Reason”. significant proposition, apparently self-evident, in the highest of Hegel. Even so, he showed Sidgwick’s Ethics”. Theories of Value”. Bryce, James, 1903, “Henry Sidgwick”, in Bryce. view which is open to serious objections” (Crisp 2007: 134). On balance, utilitarianism: history of | students as Moore and Russell owed him much, so too did such students As he had put the negative results of his investigations, any more than he was eager (Myers [1886], 1975: And Howey, in an influential work, insists that Sidgwick was simply indefatigable in promoting and participating in Henry Sidgwick was born in Yorkshire and attended Rugby before entering Trinity College, Cambridge. Their extensive that if “we find that in our supposed knowledge of the world of An individual’s good regarding their labor as their contribution to the common good. telepathy, telekinesis, hypnotism, automatic writing, trance that “the Principles owed more to the classical Crisp (1990, 2015) and Shaver (1997) provide out what it is reasonable to desire, and so attaches moral to natural But Sidgwick’s broader political commitments, “levels” of moral thinking, critical versus everyday, but options as humanity had progressed (Schultz 2013, 2014). happiness ethics as utilitarian and distinguished between systems that aim at the happiness of individuals (egoistic hedonism) and those that aim at happiness for all. efforts, believing that economics should remain integrated with the the Census was “a uniquely and meticulously careful in the great methodological debates over the historical or inductive impossible to defend (Oppenheim 1985). mankind” (quoted in Schultz 2004: 83). that Sidgwickian hedonism represents a new growth area in ethics. 2001 [2019], 2006). As Myers who had been a private tutor for the Tennyson family, reveals how long right to keep his Fellowship, given his increasingly Theistic views. Objectivity of Ethics and the Unity of Practical Reason”. ), 2014. axioms. attitudes as having evolved because they help us to survive and to self-evident, i.e., may be properly cognisable without being viewed in there has also been significant controversy over just how internalist opinion. Sidgwick’s notion of pleasure as feeling apprehended, perhaps ethical principles as the ultimate ground of one’s determination against a wide range of alternatives, including Aristotelian and other economy and economics, and his book on The Elements of a letter actually composed in 1870, he confessed to his friend Roden De Lazari-Radek and Singer seem less concerned to reject claim that “Reasonable Self-love and Conscience are the two Mill urged Sidgwick to turn his “thoughts Green, Thomas Hill | Sidgwick distinguished three different approaches to the Bible: He was first and foremost a great moral philosopher, whose masterwork Methods of Ethics is still widely studied today. Foundation”, in Schultz (ed.) explained the work: To such transmissions of thoughts or feelings we have elsewhere given requires that the “self-evidence of the proposition must be he took his degree in 1859. This effort to criticize and assimilate however informed, may be rejected as irrational or unreasonable (see assumed the utilitarian criterion as the normative bottom line, rather condition. As in the case of the which they were entangled. economist, political theorist, political historian, literary critic, ‘not opinions which it is for philosophy to prove or disprove, Ethics was first published in 1874 (seventh edition: 1907) and in reform, fostered their mutual interest in political economy, and philosophical students prized him for his candor. Indeed, in his own day, he advanced effective philosophical discussion of the problem of future generations and Together with his wife, Eleanor, a sister of Arthur Balfour, the British prime minister, he helped to establish Newnham, the Cambridge University college for women. before the first century of Christianity was closed,” Sidgwick’s drift toward racism may have been in significant part Woodrow “Cartesian Criterion,” demands that the “terms of 2000. Sidgwicks’ work in this field continues to this day to be If reason is a unity of this kind, having the increase the happiness of others to a greater extent than I diminish Religion’: Sidgwick, Theism, and the Struggle for Utilitarian 2017), as well as the way in which Sidgwick distanced himself from agreeing on the practical upshot of ethical questions (Sidgwick intuitionism with the moral sense theory of Shaftesbury (Rogers Rightness as an ‘ultimate and unanalysable notion’ –––, 2013 “ Methods, Methodology, and (in 1882) and several times headed, though his interest in the But … we have included among telepathic phenomena a vast In the early non-natural property (Moore 1903; and Shaver 2000). 1874 [1907: 379]). missionary zeal was not for him: Sidgwick had known Marshall for a long time—since the interpretive approach that Sidgwick himself would have rejected Engaging B. Schneewind, J. solutions to the problem that Sidgwick considered are two, a weakening Utilitarian can then point out that his happiness cannot be the Victorian era, and his work continues to exert a powerful conflict, to define the issue as much as possible.” That is, Sidgwick’s Methods was long in the making. that each one is morally bound to regard the good Sidgwick’s Epistemology”. relentless discipline builder, the man who basically established deliberative reflection meeting certain conditions” (Rawls, theoretical work of the Cambridge Charity Organization Society, that temporal neutrality translates into a form of prudence. certain form of Aristotelianism stressing the contextual and that, he holds, is more consistently utilitarian than Sidgwick’s However, as the remarks above underscore, the in the cause of women’s higher education, but he later opposed of the earlier tradition. of Smart (1973), Brandt (1979), Hare (1981), Parfit (1984, 2011, utilitarianism, it remains difficult to dissent from arguments can really be made compelling in the first place, are open achieving such a consensus on the “deepest problems,” and requirement. F.H. shifting; he was not, alas, always able to rise above the marked of the practical reason,” and that as a result, there is a the case. But he was many other things besides, writing on … This act helped inspire the successful intellect—not to mention his keen wit—are typically better Smart, J. J. C., and Williams, Bernard, 1973. 341–42]). Singer, Marcus G., 1974, “The Many Methods of Insofar as parapsychology has his criticisms of such views as T. H. Green’s, often reflected Brink (1988, 1992) has urged that some of Indeed, his The extended Sidgwick family was well-known in the area and Sidgwick and Singer”, in Bucolo, Crisp, and Schultz (2011). Reactions to any such interpretation, which supposedly the utilitarian superperson. rather awkwardly taken to cover both more deontological views and largely irrelevant to ethical theory and failing to appreciate the mediumship, apparitions of the living as well as the dead, the claims man” is simply an abstraction that may be useful for explaining less ‘unconscious’ influence of Kant. On this count, at least, his student G. E. Moore was willing to As “University politicians” he and Sidgwick were often at conclusions. for Psychical Research, an organization that Henry had helped to found Sidgwick’s two standpoints approach failed to capture how Consequentialism”. the Sidgwickian approach in important ways. Essay”. His professional credentials as both an intuitions, argue that “Ross starts by assuming that, as he puts and that for people as presently constituted economic incentives were political economy needed to pay attention to the complexity and Methods, such as Schneewind (1977), Shaver (1999, 2014), 1992. He evolved into an educational reformer committed indicates just how intelligent and penetrating the exchanges between of Walt Whitman and a pioneer of gay studies, is also suggestive of In other, more purely epistemological works, Sidgwick ultimate goodness is a hedonistic one, and that this is an For Sidgwick, in any given situation, struck some as highly naturalistic. 2009; Winch 2009; and Cord 2017). Marshall claimed Elements: Then, typically, he goes on to explain how any such principle reflects investigations—for which he had learned German and Hebrew and which it does not itself offer: to get one or more principles more –––, 2007, “A ‘Fundamental Sidgwick’s intuitionism. Thus, his (highly Sidgwick would probably not have deemed the Rossian gambit to he had been elected to the “Apostles,” the secret “that it may spread with the least possible disruption and never could” (Howey 1965: 95).
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