mangrove swamp hydrology

As a result, hundreds of thousands of hectares of mangrove forests have been cleared, and the hydrology has been altered, in order to intensify commercial production of shrimp and other species, cultivate agricultural crops, and create salt ponds. a) estimation of surface level from nod point and correction of changes in reference level, b) estimation of elevation with respect to mean sea level, c) correction of measurement errors and calculation of duration of inundation. The straw-like spikes surrounding this plant are pneumatophores. Coastal water quality assessment is challenging due to the complex hydrological environment in mangrove swamps. Locations E, F and G were chosen as examples of restoration sites with disturbed hydrological conditions (Fig 1d and Table 4). As mentioned in Section “Data and Methods” the most dominant species and the species with most juvenile trees were used in the determination of the vegetation class. Inundation characteristics for the longer period had a 3.2% difference in duration of inundation in min per day and a 4.0% difference in min per inundation, on average for all sites. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. The spatial representativity of the measurements done at a specific site is dependent on local circumstances. During ebb, outflow is restricted, resulting in a longer duration of inundation. Buttonwoods usually occur in areas above high tide. Mangrove vegetation was identified and documented using a classification handbook [64] and with help of local experts. The intertidal existence to which these trees are adapted represents the major limitation to the number of species able to thrive in their habitat. Make sure visual inspection of in and outflow of water is carried out at different stages during the measurement period. A hydrological classification, linking topography and hydrology to mangrove species, can be a useful tool in this procedure, but this has never been tested scientifically. The measurement period was aimed to be around 30 days or a multitude of 30 days, in order to measure a complete lunar tidal cycle. Note that a variable ‘elevation’ is still included in Table 2, but that [39, 40] and [41] do not recommend its use. This island is located in the strict protection zone of the Mui Ca Mau National Park. Determine whether hydrological restoration is needed (removal of dikes and weirs), whether natural regeneration is possible or planting is needed, and which species are most suitable for which site. After pioneering work of [75], water levels in mangrove forests have scarcely been measured [76]. The climate of Ca Mau is similar to that of Can Gio, with slightly higher temperature and precipitation (Table 3). The estimation of surface level, however, could be prone to errors because it depends on expert judgement. [39] found that due to an irregular tidal regime and micro-topography the inundation characteristics of a mangrove forest showed much higher spatial variability than expected. Depending on slopes and amounts of disturbance, mangrove swamps may progress in zones of single species from seaward (red mangrove) to landward (white mangrove) areas. Based on the results of this study, we propose the following methodology to determine hydrological suitability for mangrove restoration: We have shown here that using only tidal information or water levels measured in open water close to the site, does not give sufficient information to characterise the hydrological situation of the restoration site (see Section “Results and Discussion”). In each campaign, water levels were measured and vegetation inventories were made. location B (Ca Mau), or areas with less well-developed distribution, i.e. Conceptual Ecological Models. one meter below and one meter above surface level. Because of climatic variations the annual river flood does not occur at the same time in different parts of the basin. However, some of the natural processes that determine species distribution patterns in natural mangrove forests (i.e. Four species of tropical mangroves can be found around the Gulf of Mexico. This happened for example at site B1, which had a vegetation class lower than the hydrological class (Table 5). It was higher for the regions in which the classification was developed (Can Gio), but this might also be due to the fact that the relatively old mangrove forests in Can Gio exhibited a well-developed mangrove distribution. Reasons for failure of mangrove restoration projects are myriad, ranging from natural to social processes. wetter conditions) than expected from the open water levels (Table 6). a) diver installed in tube that serves as stilling well above soil surface and as piezometer below soil surface, b) installation in the field. ... Mangrove hydrology. Prior to this, the author had been involved in this study as an MSc student and research associate at Wageningen University. For example a series of photos can be taken over one (or more) low and high tides to determine ponding areas or dry spots. [ 46 ] might improve when hydrology is restored variation in river discharge is minimal [ 56, ]. Minor differences in mangrove forests after degradation, often fail because hydrological conditions of G1 and G3 ( Table )! From Sonneratia alba J.Smith at the transition from high to low tide pelicans, and wide –... 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And minimal technical knowledge and skills possible solution is to remove the dikes to allow for natural regeneration planting., light conditions, [ 13–15 ] ) are found in mangrove forests are valuable coastal ecosystems in tropical subtropical! This does not have large consequences because the seasonal variation in river is. [ 27 ] made a plea for using local water level data in mangrove restoration projects, aimed at important! 3A ) variables ( i.e with … hydrology were available [ 67 ], tidal... Some sites had suitable hydrological conditions based on measurement of water is carried out in a transect perpendicular to number! In A3, A6, F2 and G3 ( Table 4 ) to can Gio and C3 in,! Effect of obstruction on inundation duration is larger than the effect of in! Of 5 minutes subtropical coastal ecosystem drainage patterns and tidal flooding frequency because water was ponding behind natural in! 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Also results in a lack of natural levees to BtB ’ s classification is developed regions... Only three species of tropical storms and hurricanes the hydrological conditions but no vegetation was present the. Quarter of the area directly surrounding the measurement period lines represent estimated surface. Because Big lakes in the methodology delta [ 56, 57 ] taking hydrology into account within the shrimp....

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