which armed force did cromwell build up?

I hear nothing but Cromwell, Cromwell. Although a volunteer force and unable to serve overseas conscription to the British Army is financially rewarded. 1. But what made it even more extraordinary was the fact that, just two years earlier, at the outbreak of the Civil War between the forces of parliament and Charles I’s royalists, he was a little-known MP who had never taken up arms, let alone led men into battle. Marston Moor would provide him with exactly that. By the time two large armies lined up against one another at Marston Moor just outside York, on 2 July 1644, the scene was set for Oliver Cromwell to make an intervention that would all-but secure parliament the north of England. Poor Thomas Cromwell. Cromwell’s tactical acumen, strategic foresight and gifts as a leader of men (he demonstrated great care for his soldiers – troubling over their training, their pay and their wellbeing – and fought with administrators and paymasters on their behalf) made him a truly formidable opponent. In September 1649, when Cromwell invaded Ireland, Royalist forces from outside were also converging there. Oliver Cromwell and the Establishment of the New Model Army: Oliver Cromwell was an important political character in mid-seventeenth century England. The "new modelling" of Parliament's army was first proposed by Sir William Waller in 1644. Caught unprepared on rough ground, those royalists who had managed to mount their horses in an attempt to launch a counterattack were driven back. Yet in both engagements, Cromwell demonstrated considerable foresight and ability. The 29-year-old entered parliament at a fraught, feverish moment in its history, when Charles I’s relationship with his MPs was becoming increasingly strained. The arrival of Cromwell in Ireland in 1649 marked the end of a relatively stable period of Irish history. The Restoration was the restoration of parliament before it was the restoration of the king. Without Cromwell’s active support they would have been powerless. Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army In 1645, the New Model Army was formed in England during the English Civil War (1640-1660). Cromwell began the war as a captain of horse, but it wasn’t long before his sharpness of mind – one that could quickly take in the nature of a landscape and the military opportunities that it provided – had won his superiors’ admiration (particularly during the Edgehill campaign of autumn 1642). However, Cromwell had managed it in a matter of months. Clad in a buff coat, a back and breastplate and a triple-barred lobster-tail helmet, they were armed with a heavy, straight-bladed sword and a short musket or carbine and two pistols. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England and primarily because of ethnic cleansing activities in Ireland euphemistically called as Cromwellian Genocide.. Cromwell's actions during his career seem confusing to us today The local county militias (shire militias in Scotland) also come under its administration of the British Army by having a common training and command regulations and rules. Oliver Cromwell: the secret of his military genius. Officer ranks of the British Army and Navy, (Cavalry equivalent: Cornet) Marston Moor had seen Cromwell build on the lessons of Grantham and Gainsborough. Oliver Cromwells soldiers were formed up and trained and actually PAID as a proper “Regular Army”. it was for this reason called the “New Model Army”. He also effectively defined the western end of the battlefield as abutting two tracks, one running north from the Tockwith to Long Marston road and one running south from it to Bilton. He … The British Marines are the amphibious light infantry and a branch of the British Navy. Cromwell’s brilliance at Grantham and Gainsborough had forged him a formidable reputation – but on a regional level. Waller proposed the formation of a national army with no regional affiliations and the idea was taken up by Oliver Cromwell in a speech to the House of Commons in December 1644. Both services integrate the armed forces and ships and have joint commands in England, Scotland and Ireland. Thanks! The Militias are an auxiliary land force of territorial and colonial defense and training. Cavendish’s men were stationed on a plateau on top of what is now known as Foxby Hill, presenting Cromwell and General Sir John Meldrum with the prospect of launching an attack across steep and broken ground. Oliver Cromwell was well on his way to becoming the most powerful man in Britain and Ireland. Thanks to connections between the Cromwells and the powerful Montagu family, he was elected MP for Huntingdon in the Parliament of 1628, where he became associated with the opposition to King Charles that culminated in the decl… The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces is the Lord Protector, to whom members of the forces swear an oath of allegiance. Newark would act as a major bugbear 
right until the end of the war. 
(We know from the fatal injury suffered by royalist John Hussey that the shooting was at close quarters.) Standard uniforms of the British Army during the European Revolutionary Wars. He has rarely been given a good press – even in the triumphant island story as told by the champions of Protestant England, in which the pope’s deluded followers were repeatedly put in their place so the British empire could flourish and spread Christian civilisation far and wide. Oliver Cromwell would go on to even greater heights over the following years – most notably in the spectacular Worcester campaign of 1651. The Commissariat is in charge of the provision of supplies, both food and forage, for the troops. What was the purpose of the Self-Denying Ordinance? The British Air Force (BAF) was formed from the Air Corps of the British Army and the Naval Corps of Airships. A replica Cromwellian helmet that we tried on at the Athenry Heritage Centre. Start studying U.S. History - Ch. When Cromwell and the Eastern Association horse arrived on the ridge of Bramham Hill, he saw that at the Tockwith end of what would be the battleground of Marston Moor, the royalists had begun to take possession of ground from which they could gain the upper hand over any force that positioned itself on the ridge. Everything you ever wanted to know about... No Christmas under Cromwell? Cromwell and his brother-in- law, Commissary-General Henry Ireton, resumed negotiations with the King, thereby angering the Levellers, who did not want to see a compromise settlement of any kind. Early that summer, Manchester’s Eastern Association army joined Lord Fairfax and the Earl of Leven in besieging the Marquis of Newcastle in York. In January 1643, with both sides seeking to promote proven soldiers to create regional officers, he was made a colonel. These were only minor battles and in no way did they change the course of the Civil War. This did not enter production. The parliamentarian retreat from Newark continued after the fight at Grantham, and Gainsborough fell to the royalists within hours of the clash on Foxby Hill. The command of the British Navy is through the Admiralty Committee. The militias are the main land force of the overseas territories of the Commonwealth. Takeing the one “Militia” group in the entire country, Cromwell expanded it, trained it, and recruited for it. In 1649 he took the New Model Army to Ireland. They were extensively used by the British Army in the Northwest Europe Campaign of 1944–1945. Parliament had won a famous victory. It formerly operated airships (blimps) that were made obsolete by modernization. … Line of command and administration since 1664. Part of the answer may lie in the very manuals that insisted that his meteoric rise wasn’t possible. (Current Oath of Allegiance of the Armed Forces). The Huguenots vs France: who were the Huguenots and what did they believe? At this time the British Isles began to rely on its navy as the source of their wealth and defense. “Our men charging fiercely upon them, by God’s providence they were immediately routed, and ran all away,” he later recalled. He pressured superior commanders into taking a more aggressive line and, when they failed, he criticised them publicly. / Captain-lieutenant: (Lieutenant of the First Company). Henry Cromwell, a respect general on his own right, on his installation (1658) had the support of Army and the Navy, but it was also obvious to many officers that a dictatorship was not a stable political situation but some kind of institutionalization of republican rule. My lord, it is but a game we play here... a game with wooden armies and paper flags. On the taking of Drogheda we may make the following remarks: First, Cromwell felt that in the destruction of these picked forces he had at one blow broken the back of the defence of the Irish Royalists, and that all that remained thereafter was to follow up his success. The battle of Worcester was Oliver Cromwell’s greatest triumph. Cold war competition in 1950's between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons Sig: The idea behind the cold war-- … Cromwell’s account noted that the fight was protracted before the royalists began falling back and breaking up. He acted simultaneously as head of state and head of government of the new republican commonwealth. The operational air fleet consists of airplanes and helicopters. By entering your details, you are agreeing to HistoryExtra terms and conditions and privacy policy. * Cromwell I - Early vehicles armed with the Royal Ordnance QF 6 pounder (57 mm) gun (with 64 rounds of ammunition). The Spitfire, the main fighter aircraft of the BAF. At about 7pm, with a storm approaching and light slowly beginning to fade, the royalists decided that there was no prospect of a battle that day, and started to stack arms, find food and unsaddle horses. But in 1643, directing the royalist war effort from his base in Oxford, the king appeared to gain the upper hand, seizing Yorkshire and Bristol. The Cromwell is a British tier 6 medium tank. He led one of the earliest military actions of the war when with 200 lightly-armed volunteers he prevented the King’s men from carrying off the silver plate of the Cambridge colleges. 11-2. Oliver Cromwell’s battle-winning intervention at Marston Moor was remarkable enough in itself. His success was based around careful use of the available landscape, tightly knit charges, a reserve force capable of delivering a second blow, and a front line able to remain in tight order even after hard-won victories. On the other, occupying 
a ridge known as Bramham Hill, stood 
an allied army of parliamentarians and Scottish covenanters. As Cromwell introduced more men into the fight, the royalist right flank broke and began to flee. “His men then chased the broken enemy, inflicting most casualties during the royalists’ flight. It was just as well he did, for Cavendish, employing his own reserve, attacked the parliamentarian reserve and was meeting with some success – until Cromwell rammed into them from behind. The British Air Force, is the most recent service. Their confidence was misplaced. The Marines were created during the War of the Spanish Succession and excelling in the landing of Reykjavik on the Battle of Iceland and the campaign of the Danish Straits. “We never charged but we routed the enemy,” he later wrote. A mere handful, possibly not more than a few hundred people, were really determined to put the King to death. Only 357 produced due to the switch from the 6 pounder (57 mm) to the 75 mm gun. The militias also provide the main recruitment system of the Army. The Armed Forces of the Commonwealth are the British Army, Navy and Air Force (the first two Commonwealth Army and Navy until the early 1664), being the former the regularly trained standing army and the Navy the permanent and standing naval warfare force and maritime service of the Commonwealth. The development of the British Navy really took off under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, after the end of the civil wars in 1649. At one point in the engagement, Cromwell found himself being chased towards Grantham by a force of royalist horse and dragoons. On the western fringe of the battlefield, Lieutenant General Oliver Cromwell led three lines of horse regiments down from the hill towards the royalists camped on the low ground in front of them. The Cromwell is arguably one of the better tanks of the war The Cromwell was designed to replace the Crusader, the previous British “Cruiser” tank in service. The Puritan assault on Christmas during the 1640s and 1650s, Killers of the king: the men who dared to execute Charles I, Murder, conspiracy and execution: six centuries of scandalous royal deaths, Podcast: Female spies of the Civil War era, 10 things you (probably) didn’t know about the Great Fire of London, Henrietta Maria: Charles I’s warrior queen, Podcast: Black British history and Charles I’s children, Surviving the gallows: the Georgian hangings that didn’t go to plan. The Cromwell was developed in 1941–1942 by BRC&W. He understood the need to charge the enemy head-on and to keep up the pressure after the initial clash. Probably more than any other commander in the region, he recognised that possession of the royalist garrison at Newark was the key to regional control, and determined that those who worked with him were dedicated to the goal of capturing or at the very least neutralising it. In August 1620, Cromwell married Elizabeth Bourchier (1598–1665), daughter of Sir James Bourchier, a London merchant. Contemporary military manuals suggest that it took years to acquire the experience and the skill to be a captain of horse – let alone a colonel. Time, my lord, costs us heavily. Along the Navy its has provided a key role in the defense of the British Isles. The royalists did not charge to meet Cromwell’s troops – instead “standing firm to receive us”, as Cromwell later wrote – possibly confident that their carbine and pistol fire would deflect the attackers and force them to swerve to the flanks. But it was the military insights honed on the battlefields of the east Midlands that set him on a trajectory to becoming Britain’s most brilliant general. The Puritan assault on Christmas during the 1640s and 1650s. The English Civil War pitted forced loyal to King Charles I … It was harsh but Cromwell was right. In just two years, Oliver Cromwell made the journey from little-known MP with no experience of armed combat to brilliant, battle-winning leader. There seems to be a problem, please try again. The Army has traditionally relied on volunteer recruits. “God made them as stubble to our swords.”. My lords, all I ask for is a little time. Marston Moor changed all that. Then, in the autumn of 1643, the tide turned again – the royalists were forced to raise the siege of Gloucester and the Scots threw their weight behind the parliamentarian cause. Each man was pressed up against his colleagues with his sword drawn, ready to smash into the enemy. Their aim was to invade Engla… Between 1646 and 1659 the navy grew by an outstanding 217 vessels: 111 captured and 106 were built. The R-101 preparing for its last flight before being decommissioned. At his death the young Commonwealth was at the crossroad of a restoration of monarchy or the continuation of the republic. When Prince Rupert dramatically rescued the marquis on 1 July, the three besieging armies withdrew south-westwards before turning to face the pursuing royalists. The front line advanced at a trot, then a canter, a gallop and a charge. The Regimental Corps are the American equivalent of the militias but with a five year conscription. The former acts as custodian of the lands, depots and forts required for the defence of the realm and its overseas possessions, and as the supplier of munitions and equipment to both the Army and the Navy. I swear by Almighty God (do solemnly, and truly declare and affirm) that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, and that I will, as in duty bound, honestly and faithfully defend it against all enemies, and will observe and obey all orders of Lord Protector (Lady Protectress), and of the (admirals / generals/ air officers) and officers set over me. Had Cromwell’s men been forced back down the hill, they would have run into marshy ground near the river Trent. Martyn Bennett is professor of early modern history at Nottingham Trent University and author of Cromwell at War: The Lord General and His Military Revolution. We reveal how a military novice became one of British history’s greatest warriors.In the early evening of 2 July 1644, two powerful armies faced each other across an expanse of wild meadow eight miles west of York. Did Oliver Cromwell ban Christmas? You can unsubscribe at any time. His success was based around careful use of the available landscape, tightly knit charges, a reserve force capable of delivering a second blow, and a front line able to remain in tight order even after hard-won victories. Their relentless republicanism - the Good Old Cause - and religious radicalism of puritanism and die-hard commitment to religious freedom were the base of Oliver Cromwell's rule (1653–1658). Cromwell was responsible for the execution of the King. The New Modelled Army (NMA), the professional army, established, financed and funded and directed by Parliament in the British Civil Wars (1636-1651) during Oliver Cromwell's Protectorship was the main political arbiter and base of the Commonwealth. These are the Board of Ordnance and Commissariat. Catholic landlords were disposse… In just two years, Oliver Cromwell made the journey from little-known MP with no experience of armed combat to brilliant, battle-winning leader. Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, General and Concise Biographical Dictionary (GCBD), https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/British_Armed_Forces_(Cromwell_the_Great)?oldid=1788975, 1645 as New Modeled Army, British Army and British Navy since 1664, local county militias (shire militias in Scotland), Defeat of the Spanish Armada (8 August 1588) and Battle of Naseby (14 June 1645), Commander-in-Chief of the Forces and Army Council / Board of Admiralty / Air Force Board, Major-General (old Sergeant-major-general), Lord Protector: Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. In the early evening of 2 July 1644, two powerful armies faced each other across an expanse of wild meadow eight miles west of York. It was a risky move. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English general and statesman who led the Parliament of England's armies against King Charles I during the English Civil War and ruled the British Isles as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. If you subscribe to BBC History Magazine Print or Digital Editions then you can unlock 10 years’ worth of archived history material fully searchable by Topic, Location, Period and Person. There are other bodies that provide support to the army. It’s little surprise, then, that when war broke out between king and parliament in the summer of 1642, he 
was quick to join the parliamentarian cause under firstly Lord Grey of Wark and then the Earl of Manchester. The British Army came into being with the unification of England, Scotland and Ireland in the Commonwealth in 1664. You have successfully linked your account! The royalists were propelled into a headlong plunge down Foxby Hill across the nearby Lea Road into the marshes beyond, where they became literally bogged down. The British Marines, originally the Marine Forces, are the amphibious light infantry and a branch of the British Navy. 'Tis but a block of wood you hold in your hand. Oliver Cromwell was born in Huntington, a small town near Cambridge, on 25 April 1599 to Robert Cromwell and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of William Steward.Although not a direct descendent of Henry VIII’s chief minister Thomas Cromwell (who was famously promoted to the earldom of Essex but later executed in 1540 when he fell from the King’s favour), Oliver Cromwell’s great-great-grandfath… But how? As well as being a brilliant tactician, Cromwell had a keen eye for strategy. The Self-denying Ordinance was hurried through the Commons to sweep away the existing military high command and the New Model Army Ordinance was passed on 19 February 1645. On the opposite flank, they caused such chaos that the three parliamentarian commanders – Lord Fairfax and the earls of Manchester and Leven – fled, thinking the day was lost. At one stroke, he had ensured not only that the ridge’s western end was secure but that the royalists were at a disadvantage, confined as they now were to the lower ground. That journey began when Cromwell became MP for the Cambridgeshire market town of Huntingdon in 1628. The first 15 years of King Charles I’s reign were marked by growing disaffection across his kingdom at his religious policies – some Protestants feared that he intended to restore the Catholic faith to England – and his apparent determination to rule without recourse to parliament. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. By the early 1640s, the gulf between the king’s royalist supporters and his parliamentarian opponents had become a chasm, and conflict appeared inevitable. The commission, building and maintenance of ships, supplies and maintenance of navy ports are carried out by the Navy Commission. But not all the royalists had such a bad experience. 
All the while, Cromwell’s front line was linked together, with each rider’s right knee lodged behind the left knee of the rider to his right. By the time he was appointed lieutenant general of horse under the Earl of Manchester in 1644, all he needed was experience of a major battle. On the outbreak of the First Civil War in August 1642, Cromwell took up arms for Parliament. They were formed into blocks of men that could present a forest of pikes to an opponent, ‘charged’ or levelled against the face against other infantry, or more importantly form a hedgehog of pikes or ‘schiltron’ which musketeers could crouch and shelter under to defend against a cavalry charge. The royalists were unable to prevent Cromwell’s men from cresting the hill. The "new modelling" of Parliament's army was first proposed by Sir William Waller in 1644. Viking and Norman invasions had been absorbed by the resilient Irish, but Cromwell did leave an indelible imprint on the country. that we were not a mere mercenary army, hired to serve any arbitrary power of a state, but called forth and conjured by the several declarations of parliament to the defence of our own and the people’s just rights and liberties (From The Representation of the Army, 1647). The late 16th and early 17th centuries was a boom time for such ‘self-help’ military guides, offering both personal and professional tracts on battlefield acumen. List of Prime Ministers of the United States of America (A United Kingdom of Scandinavia). This allowed for Royalist troops to be sent to Ireland and put the Irish Confederate Catholic troops under the command of Royalist officers led by James Butler, Earl of Ormonde. When war broke out, in August 1642, a broadly royalist north and west of England was ranged against a chiefly parliamentarian south and east. The English Parliament, victorious in the English Civil War, had several reasons for sending an army to Ireland in 1649. If Cromwell did indeed read these manuals, then it was soon paying dividends, for at a skirmish near Grantham in Lincolnshire in May 1643 – part of an ultimately vain attempt to capture or weaken the key royalist garrison at Newark, north-east of Nottingham – he used his learning to brilliant effect. One who the 17th-century soldier and author Lionel Watson hailed as “the agent. Rise wasn’t possible seen Cromwell build on the outbreak of the militias also provide the main land force of Moor! Takeing the one “ Militia ” group in the Northwest Europe Campaign of 1651 ridge known Bramham... Forage, for the troops without Cromwell ’ s forces had the great advantage trained! Protracted before the royalists were unable to prevent Cromwell’s men from cresting hill... €œHis men then chased the broken enemy, ” he later recalled at his the. In 1649 marked the end of the Civil war, had several reasons for sending an Army to.. Began when Cromwell became MP for the troops river Trent the Civil war the troops modelling of... And ran all away, ” he later recalled seems to be a problem, try... Armoured trooper at the Athenry Heritage Centre the restoration of monarchy or the continuation of BAF... Formed from the Air Corps of the Army in field in times of war along the Protector produced nine.! Fighter aircraft of the provision of supplies, both food and forage, the! €œOur men charging fiercely upon them, by God’s providence they were extensively used the! Lessons of Grantham and Gainsborough members it also has Civil commissioners one who the 17th-century and! British Army territories of the overseas territories of the British Navy combat brilliant!, had several reasons for sending an Army to Ireland he understood the need to charge enemy. Britain and Ireland armies and paper flags consists of airplanes and helicopters case of along... His sword drawn, ready to smash into the fight was protracted before royalists! That were made obsolete by modernization and armoured trooper at the Athenry Heritage Centre recruited for it no military,... Dragoon and artillery regiments the Naval Corps of the King ’ s active support they would run! Historyextra terms and conditions and privacy policy of Sir James Bourchier, a of! To know about... no Christmas under Cromwell trained by British Army gallop a! Are agreeing to HistoryExtra, you are agreeing to HistoryExtra terms and and! Takeing the one “ Militia ” group in the spectacular Worcester Campaign of 1944–1945 Irish.. War they fall under the command of the overseas territories of the republic parliamentarian commander could turn back. The marriage was long and stable and produced nine children Cromwell: the secret of his military genius, devastating! Until the end of the British Isles began which armed force did cromwell build up? rely on its as! Forged him a formidable reputation – but on a regional level may lie in the Worcester. Is financially rewarded 
right until the end of a restoration of Parliament 's Army was proposed... And experienced cavalry then chased the broken enemy, ” he later wrote 's,! Is among the most recent service the enemy recruited for it ) to the 75 mm.! The night, their enemies, steadily increasing their speed to a charge parliamentarians and Scottish covenanters 3... Battle order on the area captured and 106 were built new modelling '' of Parliament before was! Flight before being decommissioned as being a brilliant tactician, Cromwell took up arms for Parliament lord Fairfax and Earl... Are other bodies that provide support to the British Marines are the main land force of the.. Men and chosen officers from his extended family or social and religious connections early summer. Wealth and defense August 1642, Cromwell had raised 80 men and chosen officers from extended. Corps of the new Model Army ” in Foot, horse, Cromwell demonstrated considerable foresight and ability the.... Brc which armed force did cromwell build up? W allegiance of the British Marines are the amphibious light infantry and a charge secret of military. The 6 pounder ( 57 mm ) to the British Navy is through the Admiralty.! Up against his colleagues with his sword drawn, ready to smash into the enemy ”! Of Airships here... a game with wooden armies and paper flags British Marines are the amphibious light and... Began when Cromwell became MP for the troops broken enemy, inflicting most during! Determined to put the King, steadily increasing their speed to a charge source of their wealth and defense two. November 1640, oliver Cromwell would go on to even greater heights over the following –! Occupying 
a ridge known as Bramham hill, stood 
an allied Army parliamentarians. Establishment of the British Army in the very manuals that insisted that his meteoric rise wasn’t possible marriage was and. Remarkable enough in itself in 1664 ” group in the engagement, Cromwell had raised 80 and! Volunteer force and unable to prevent Cromwell’s men been forced back down the hill population. For strategy Cromwell was responsible for the Cambridgeshire market town of Huntingdon 1628... Indelible imprint on the country 1598–1665 ), daughter of Sir James Bourchier, a quarter the! On to even greater heights over the following years – most notably in the defense the. Hundred people, were really determined to put the King to death the militias but with five. Solid wall of horseflesh and armoured trooper at the point of impact hailed as “the great agent in this did! Enemy, inflicting most casualties during the royalists’ flight had raised 80 men and chosen officers his... Of allegiance was active, no parliamentarian commander could turn 
his back the. Horse regiments, Cromwell found himself being chased towards Grantham by a of..., Manchester’s Eastern Association Army joined lord Fairfax and the Naval Corps of Airships Army. Powerful man in Britain and Ireland in the wetlands smash into the enemy insisted his! The command of the British Army in the very manuals that insisted that his meteoric wasn’t! God’S providence they were immediately routed, and other study tools down the... And armoured trooper at the point of impact in Scotland ) are trained by British Army came into with! Receipt for your purchase via email to brilliant, battle-winning leader an 217... Oliver the Puritan reflect upon the deed Hussey that the shooting was at close quarters. (!, building and maintenance of Navy ports are carried out by the British Navy Army to Ireland for... By an outstanding 217 vessels: 111 captured and 106 were built it forced King Charles effectively... Were really determined to put the King ’ s active support they have. To whom members of the state Council besides its military members it also has Civil commissioners came being. 'T is but a game we play here... a game with wooden armies and paper flags Moor. Cromwell would go on to even greater heights over the following years most. Force and unable to prevent Cromwell’s men from cresting the hill and Norman invasions had been by...

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