amar bose wiki

Amar Gopal Bose (2. marraskuuta 1929 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – 12. heinäkuuta 2013 Wayland, Massachusetts) oli intialaistaustainen yhdysvaltalainen insinööri ja Bose Corporationin perustaja.. Bose opiskeli sähkötekniikkaa MIT:ssa ja väitteli tohtoriksi 1950-luvun puolessavälissä. The links produced by the authority control template on Wikipedia go to authority control data in worldwide library catalogues. It was unanimous in favor of taking action. [43], A prototype active suspension system, using electromagnetic motors instead of hydraulic/pneumatic power, was unveiled by the company in 2004[44][45] and was due for release in 2009,[46][47] but it did not materialize due to weight and cost. [22][50] The company said that the system is too expensive and heavy, even after development over more than 20 years costing $100 million of development. Amar Bose Popularity * 91 is AGE #450 * 1929 is the Birth Year #114 * 11 is the Birth Month #369 * 02 is the BirthDay #2960 * Philadelphia is the birth Place #391 Celebrity How Calculates Amar Bose Popularity Based on Wiki page views and also our internal Page view count. [26][27], At the end of 2017, Maresca stepped down as CEO and Bose President Phil Hess took the position. [37] The Bose factories in Mexico are located in Tijuana and San Luis Río Colorado. [8] Amar's interest in speaker systems had begun in 1956 when he purchased a stereo system and was disappointed with its performance. In some non-audio related publications, Bose has been cited as a producer of "high-end audio" products. The L1 was introduced in 2003 with models that have been retroactively known as the "L1 Classic" range. [15][16], In 1991, a team of Bose researchers debunked a 1989 experiment that claimed to have created energy through cold fusion. He studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Yes, that Bose", "Bose to close all North American, European retail stores", "Bose CEO Bob Maresca to step down on Dec. 31", "Bose Corporation To Extend Strategic Partnership With Flex", "Bose CEO to retire at year-end as company seeks Boston site", "Bose is closing all of its retail stores in North America, Europe, Japan, and Australia", "Bose is closing more than 100 stores worldwide", "Female CEO To Lead Bose Starting in September", "10 popular products in the US you didn't know were made in Mexico", "bizjournals.com – Bose nixes N.Y. expansion, chooses Stow instead", "Bose to open manufacturing plant in Malaysia", "Bose Global Press Room - Bose Celebrates 30 Years of Automotive Sound", "World News: Finalists revealed for the 2007 Telematics Awards TU-Automotive - Tracking Automotive Technology & Innovation", "Bose Says Suspension Drawing Interest From OEMs", "Bose Sells Off Its Revolutionary Electromagnetic Suspension - ExtremeTech", "World's first digital car chassis technology to reach roads in 2019 | Autocar", "The Bose 'Magic Carpet' Car Suspension System Is Finally Headed For Production", "Potholed Boston streets inspire Bose truck seat", "Study of Bose Ride System Indicates Reduction in Back Pain for Drivers", "The Bose Ride Truck Seating System: Bose makes 'trucker butt' a thing of the past", "olympic"&dq=Bose+"olympic" The Film journal, "Live Review: Bose L1 Model 1S with B2 Bass Module and ToneMatch Audio Engine", https://medium.com/@shafikhan/why-bose-speakers-are-so-expensive-a-detailed-study-82d9c64ddc13, https://www.audioholics.com/editorials/bose-why-audiophiles-should-stop-the-hate, "Dr. Bose Tells All: Company Secrets, Why They Don't Publish Specs, And More", "C|Net "Classy compacts: high-end CD radios, "List of THX certified home entertainment products", "Forrester Research – "The 2005 Technology Brand Scorecard, "Bose VideoWave Entertainment System II (55-Inch)", "Bose Packs Concert Acoustics Into Home-Speaker Systems", "Harman Will Appeal Judgment on Bose Patent Infringement", "Bose: No Highs, No Lows, Just $1B in Net Worth", Commentary on libel cases in general giving a specific example of, "Opinion of the United States Supreme Court", "NY Times editorial on the Supreme Court's ruling", "Costa Mesa's QSC Loses Bose Trademark Appeal", CEDIA Announces Win in 'Electronic Lifestyles' Trademark Battle Against Bose. Dr. Amar Gopal Bose was a scientist, inventor, academic and entrepreneur who founded the Bose Corporation. Amar Bose was born and raised in Philadelphia. Bose is best known for its home audio systems and speakers, noise-cancelling headphones, professional audio products and automobile sound systems. The brilliant mind behind the founding of the Bose Corporation, a name which spells supreme quality in the fields of acoustics and sound systems, Amar Bose was a visionary much ahead of his time. The 2201 was designed to be located in the corner of a room, using reflections off the walls to increase the apparent size of the room. Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. "Spotlight: Amar Bose, the guru of sound design", "Bose names its first female CEO as wait continues for new products", "Founder of Mass.-based Bose audio firm dies at 83", "The history of Bose in-car audio, from an '83 Seville, to the 2015 Escalade", "Amar G. Bose, Acoustic Engineer and Inventor, Dies at 83", "University of Massachusetts: Pioneers of Innovation – Sherwin Greenblatt Conversation", "On The Design, Measurement, and Evaluation of Loudspeakers", "Bose 901 Direct/Reflecting Speaker System", "901® Direct/Reflecting® speaker system series VI", "Bose Once Debunked Cold Fusion. [103][104] Bose and Apple had collaborated on the SoundDock for iPod music players in 2004, then in May 2014 Beats was bought by Apple, bringing Bose and Apple into direct competition in the headphones market. Initially, the Federal District Court found that Consumer Reports "had published the false statement with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of its truth or falsity" when it changed what the original reviewer wrote about the speakers in his pre-publication draft, that the sound tended to wander "along the wall." Jereo koa. At the end of 2002, the earlier judgment was upheld but by this time Bose's court expenses had risen to $8 million, all to be paid by Harman. Amar Gopal Bose (Filadélfia, 2 de novembro de 1929 — Wayland (Massachusetts), 12 de julho de 2013) foi um engenheiro eletricista, engenheiro acústico e empresário estadunidense de ascendência indiana. Bose Loses 'Lifestyle' Battle against CEDIA; AMX Drops 'Lifestyle' Brand: CEDIA finally prevailed against Bose after spending four years and almost $1 million. Amar Gopal Bose (November 2, 1929 – July 12, 2013) was an Indian-American academic and entrepreneur. [73][12][74] This policy dates back to 1968, when Amar Bose published a paper titled "On the Design, Measurement and Evaluation of Loudspeakers", wherein he rejected numerical test data in favor of subjective evaluation. An electrical engineer and sound engineer, he was a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for over 45 years. Put new text under old text. [10] It was an unusual design consisting of 22 speakers, with many of them facing away from the listener. New to … Globe Staff / April 30, 2011 E-mail … [102] CEDIA was criticized for spending nearly $1 million of its member's money on the lawsuit, and Bose was criticized for "unsportsmanlike action against its own trade association", according to Julie Jacobson of CE Pro magazine. (Janet Knott/Globe Staff/File 2003) By Hiawatha Bray. This page was last changed on 11 February 2020, at 21:07. [100] Bose had previously sued to protect its "Lifestyle" trademark beginning in 1996 with a success against Motorola and continuing with settlements against New England Stereo, Lifestyle Technologies, Optoma and AMX. Bose has a reputation for being particularly protective of its patents, trademarks, and brands. Some people claim that Bose equipment produces, "sound larger than life and exaggerated"[80] Bose has not been certified by THX for its home entertainment products[81] even though its more expensive home theater products compete at prices where THX certification is common. Fulbright scholar earned Ph.D. in electrical engineering from MIT. [91] Harman stopped using the disputed port design but appealed the financial decision. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), "Amar G. Bose, Acoustic Engineer and Inventor, Dies at 83", "Four Indian Americans make it to Forbes list", Bose Breakthrough: Electromagnetic Auto Suspension, Bose Founder Discusses Audio Perfection and Digital Music, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amar_Bose&oldid=6815793, Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States, Business people from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. The purpose of this design was to achieve a dominance of reflected over direct sound in home listening spaces. [33], Bose's products are manufactured in the United States, Mexico, China and Malaysia. Amar Gopal Bose (Bengali:অমর বসু) (November 2, 1929 – July 12, 2013) was an Indian American academic and entrepreneur. Bose Corporation develops and manufactures audio devices (including loudspeaker|speakers, amplifiers, headphones, automotive sound systems for luxury cars), automotive suspension systems, and performs some general research (such as debunking cold fusion.) He went on to study Electrical Engineering at MIT. [17], The first Bose retail store was opened in 1993 in Kittery, Maine. Bose Noise Cancelling headphones, audio systems, vehicle sound systems are quite popular and are 'the' Brand looked for. Amar Bose has been associated with one company, according to public records. Bose was notorious and derided by many an audiophile for the company's modus operandi of manufacturing cheap, lousy, shitty speakers for 100 times their actual value. [30] They will retain their online presence on their own website, as well as on Target, Best Buy, and Amazon[31], In late January 2020, President and COO Jim Scammon replaced Phil Hess at the helm. Bose Corp. founder Amar G. Bose is an MIT alumnus. [57] Bose claimed up to a 90% reduction in driver's seat vibration. [48] The system used electromagnetic linear motors to raise or lower the wheels of an automobile in response to uneven bumps or potholes on the road. However, the conditions of receiving the shares stated that MIT was not allowed to sell them, nor was MIT permitted to participate in the company's management and governance. [106][107][108] Apple removed all Bose products from its Apple stores a few days after the lawsuit was settled,[109] but two months later Bose products were returned to shelves. An annual cash dividend is paid out to "advance the research and education mission of MIT". The Court of Appeals then reversed the trial court's ruling on liability, and the United States Supreme Court affirmed in a 6–3 vote in the case Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc., finding that the statement was made without actual malice, and therefore there was no libel. The 2201 was a failure in the market and was discontinued after three or four years. Former violin player Amar Bose started repairing radios in high school, after WWII depressed father's import business. In 2007, the Bose media system won the International Telematics Award for the "Best Storage Solution for In-Car Environment". Amar Bose was the company chairman and the primary stockholder until he donated the majority of the firm's shares to Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2011. An electrical engineer and sound engineer, he was a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for over 45 years.. [40], Following an unsuccessful attempt to sell aftermarket car speakers, Bose's first OEM audio installation in a MY1983 Cadillac Seville. [4][5][6] Bose has a reputation for being particularly protective of its patents, trademarks, and brands. Bose was born on November 2, 1929 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The company was established by Amar Bose in 1964 and is based in Framingham, Massachusetts. This is not a forum for general discussion of the article's subject. From his teenage days, Bose was interested in electronics and was used to make small electrical toys to supplement his family's income. These products were replaced by the "L1 Model I" and "L1 Model II" in 2007. Some other views include: Bose has been described by audio industry professionals as a litigious company. He was also the founder and chairman of Bose Corporation. The Bose L1 is a range of portable line array loudspeaker systems for musicians. [78] Commenting on Bose's "high-end" market positioning among audiophiles (people concerned with the best possible sound), a PC Magazine product reviewer stated "not only is Bose equipment's sound quality not up to audiophile standards, but one could buy something that does meet these stringent requirements for the same price or, often, for less. [19], In 2011, then-chairman and primary stockholder Amar Bose donated the majority of the firm's non-voting shares to his former employer and alma mater, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. An electrical engineer and sound engineer, he was a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for over 45 years. Bose is best known for its home audio systems and speakers, noise-cancelling headphones, professional audio products and automobile sound systems. [32], In August 2020, Bose named their first female CEO, Lila Snyder, who was formerly an executive at Pitney Bowes. Contents. Amar Gopal Bose(November 2, 1929 – July 12, 2013) was an Americanacademicand entrepreneur. Born: Amar Gopal Bose [1], In 2007 he was listed in Forbes 400 as the 271st richest man in the world, with a net worth of $1.8 billion. [70] A smaller and lighter "L1 Compact" model was introduced April 2009. [41][42] Bose has since supplied audio systems for many car manufacturers. [9] The purpose of the company was to develop speaker systems which used multiple speakers aimed at the surrounding walls to reflect the sound and replicate the sound of a concert hall. Bose argued that the trademark interfered with its own "Lifestyle" trademark. Amar Bose. Amar Bose’s early patents won him great respect within the industry.In 1968, Amar Bose invented the 901(R) Direct/Reflecting(R) speaker system. [101] In May 2007, CEDIA won the lawsuit after the court determined Bose to be guilty of laches (unreasonable delays), and that Bose's assertions of fraud and likelihood of confusion were without merit. Bose operations in Malaysia and Mexico will transfer to Flex. Please sign and date your posts by typing four tildes (~~~~). Bose used the Columbia facility, which opened in 1993, for distribution and repair, sub-manufacturing and regional manufacturing, and final assembly for some headsets. [71][72] The L1 Model I was replaced by the "L1 Model 1S" in 2012, and the "B1 Bass Module" was replaced by the larger "B2 Bass Module". In 2007 he was listed in Forbes 400 as the 271st richest man in the world, with a net worth of $1.8 billion. [10], After this experience, Amar came to the conclusion that the audio system measurement techniques of the time (such as measuring distortion and frequency response) were not effective ways to evaluate the goal of natural sound reproduction. [18] Bose announced it would close all of its retail stores in North America, Europe, Japan, and Australia in 2020, but would keep open another 130 stores in India, Southeast Asia, South Korea, China, and the United Arab Emirates. [91] In 2000, the court determined that Harman was to cease using elliptical ports in its products, and Harman was to pay Bose $5.7 million in court costs. Biôgrafia; Rohy ivelany. [101], In July 2014, Bose sued Beats Electronics for patent infringement, alleging that its "Studio" headphones line incorporated Bose noise cancellation technology. An electrical engineer and sound engineer, he was a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for over 45 years. For other uses of the name, see Bose. He was also the founder and chairman of Bose Corporation. Provided by Coupon Plus Codes Amar Bose was a Professor of electrical engineering at MIT for many years until his retirement in Fall 2000. The majority owner of Bose Corporation is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, donated to MIT by the founder Amar Bose himself, which receives cash dividends through the non-voting shares donated by the founder in 2011. [45][51] In November 2017, it was reported that Bose had sold the technology to ClearMotion. [75][76] In a 2007 interview, Amar stated: "There are two reasons we cut out the specifications: 1- We don’t know of any measurements that actually determine anything about a product, and 2- Measurements are phony, in general, as they are printed."[77]. [66] Bose was the first company to pay for the title of official Olympics sound system supplier, providing audio equipment for the 1988 and 1992 Winter Olympics in Calgary and Albertville respectively. Amar G. Bose was an engineer, educator and entrepreneur whose name is synonymous with high-end sound systems that produce lifelike audio. Background Report for Amar G. Bose. Amar Gopal Bose (November 2, 1929 – July 12, 2013) was an American academic and entrepreneur. NEW. Amar Bose Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre. [55][56] This active seat system aims to reduce fatigue, back pain and physical stress experienced by truck drivers by reducing vibration from the road. . Lee. The Malaysian Bose factory is located in Batu Kawan and is also the company's distribution hub for the Asia-Pacific and Middle East. His family was of Bengali Indian origin but his father, a revolutionary freedom fighter, fled to the United States to avoid persecution by the British Raj. [2] In 2009, he was no longer on the billionaire list, and returned to the list in 2011, with a net worth of $1.0 billion.[3]. Amar Bose. [58], Automobile brands that currently have Bose audio systems available in its vehicles are Chevrolet, Buick, Cadillac, GMC, Fiat, Porsche, Hyundai, Kia, Mazda, Nissan, and Infiniti. The company was incorporated in Florida, Texas, California, Nevada, New York, and New York forty years ago. The design used in the 901 is unconventional compared with most systems, where mid-range and high-frequency speakers directly face the listener. [28] Maresca remained Chairman of the Board however. I said I think we oughtta do something. He died in July 2013 at the age of 83. 1 The Best Amar Bose Wiki of 2020 – Top Rated & Reviewed; 2 Top Rated Amar Bose Wiki to Buy Now; 3 Amar Bose Wiki Reviews on Twitter. [49] The wheels are raised when approaching a bump (or lowered into a pothole) to keep the vehicle level, using similar principles to noise cancelling audio devices. [93][94][95] In an interview decades later Amar Bose said "We had 37 people at the time. "[77], Bose sued Thiel Audio in the early 1990s to stop the audiophile loudspeaker maker from using ".2" (point two) at the end of its product model "CS2.2". [53][54], A truck seat system called Bose Ride was introduced in 2010. [67][68] Bose's systems have not received THX certification.[69]. [52] In May 2018, it was announced that five major car manufacturers had expressed interest in the technology and that it may be available in 2019 for low-volume vehicles and by 2020 for the mass market. After completing his Ph.D. from MIT, he started doing research on speaker technology in 1956. Little did we know it would take 14 years to go through the legal process. [64][65], The Bose Professional division was established in 1972 to produce and install public address systems. CEDIA Wins in Litigation Brought by Bose over Electronic Lifestyles Trademark, "Bose Is Suing Beats Over Headphone Patents", "Sound Off: Bose Sues Beats Over Noise-Cancelling Patents", "Bose Agrees To Throw Out Lawsuit Against Beats Electronics", "Bose Agrees to Dismiss Lawsuit Against Beats", "Apple removes Bose products from stores following Beats settlement", "Bose Speakers Return to Apple Online Store After Removal", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bose_Corporation&oldid=991332310, Manufacturing companies based in Massachusetts, Companies based in Framingham, Massachusetts, Electronics companies established in 1964, Privately held companies based in Massachusetts, Manufacturers of professional audio equipment, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Bose's flagship 901 speaker system was given a negative review by, This page was last edited on 29 November 2020, at 14:26. Born and raised in America, he started displaying his astute mind and entrepreneurial skills from a young age. Amar Gopal Bose (November 2, 1929  – July 12, 2013) was an American academic and entrepreneur. Technical data not published Edit [110], In April 2017 Bose was sued alleging a privacy violation with regard to the mobile phone apps delivered by Bose to control bluetooth Bose headphones. [11][12][13] Also in 1968, the company introduced the Bose 901 stereo speaker system, which used eight mid-range drivers pointing towards the wall behind the speaker, and a ninth driver towards the listener. An electrical engineerand sound engineer, he was a professorat the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)for over 45 years. [2] Snyder, who will take her position September 2020, is an MIT alumna, having earned her master’s and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical engineering there. Bose headphones were once the foremost brand offered in Apple stores, but Beats headphones outnumbered Bose headphones in Apple stores at the time of the lawsuit, and Beats had captured 62% of the premium headphones market while Bose held 22%. Bose has contracts with the U.S. military[62][63] and NASA. According to the company annual report in the 2019 financial year, Bose Corporation received revenue of US$4.0 billion and employed more than 9,000 people. Amar Bose dia injeniera, mpiantoka mizaka ny zom-pirenen'i Etazonia, India teraka ny 2 Novambra 1929 tao Philadelphia ary maty ny 12 Jolay 2013 . The Carrickmacross factory, which began operations in 1978, did final assembly for some home theatre systems, Wave radios, and other regional manufacturing. [99], In 2003, Bose sued Custom Electronics Design and Installation Association (CEDIA), a non-profit electronics trade organization for use of the "Electronic Lifestyles" trademark,[89] which CEDIA had been using since 1997. [111], Gift to MIT from Amar Bose raises Tax Questions, by Stephen Stom, New York Times 30 April 2011, "Popular Science" magazine, December 2004. 3.1 Why You Should Buy Best Amar Bose Wiki from Amazon; 3.2 How to Choose the Best Amar Bose Wiki (with Price and Reviews) "[79] Bose has also received mixed reviews from the public. [59], In 2012, Bose was the highest selling company in the United States for retail home theater systems, and the third highest selling for portable audio products.[60]. The company has sold aviation headsets since 1989 and consumer headphones since 2000. http://www.youtube.com/c/MITVideoProductions?sub_confirmation=1 Consumer Reports reported in a review that the sound from the system that they reviewed "tended to wander about the room." But if we do something, we have no credibility since we're just a small company and we can't do anything against this.' I gathered them in one room and said, 'If we don't do anything, it will probably kill us. [105] In October 2014, Bose dropped the lawsuit, as Bose and Beats settled out of court without revealing the terms. [61] The current range of headphones/headsets consists of over-ear, in-ear, aviation and military models. Ao amin'i Freebase: [29], In January 2020, Bose announced that they would be closing all their more than 100 retail stores in North America, Japan, Europe, and Australia. [39] The operation of the San Luis and Batu Kawan factories were taken over by contract manufacturer Flex in 2016 and continued to produce Bose products. [7], The company was founded in Massachusetts in 1964 by Amar Bose with angel investor funding, including Amar's thesis advisor and professor, Y. W. This article is about the American engineer and founding chairman of Bose Corporation. [38], In 2015, two facilities in Columbia, South Carolina and Carrickmacross, Ireland, were closed (with the loss of 300 and 140 jobs respectively), as part of a "global streamlining of Bose's supply chain. "[98], In 1996, Bose sued two subsidiaries of Harman International Industries—JBL and Infinity Systems—for violating a Bose patent on elliptical tuning ports on some loudspeaker products. The company is known for its refusal to provide specifications for its products. Although primarily known for his acoustics patents, there was more to Dr. Bose than meets the ear. Amar G Bose was an American Scientist, Professor , researcher and Entrepreneur. For other people named Bose, see Bose (surname). Bose died on July 12, 2013 in Wayland, Massachusetts, aged 83. Please Subscribe! [18] In 2009, the division accounted for about 60% of Bose's annual revenue. Click here to start a new topic. Amar Gopal Bose (Bengaals: |অমর বোস, * 2 November 1929 in Philadelphia, Pennsilvanië; † 12 Julie 2013 in Wayland, Massachusetts) was 'n Amerikaanse akademikus en entrepreneur aan wie erelidmaatskap van die Amerikaanse Audio Engineering Society (AES) toegeken is. [20][21][22] Following Amar Bose's death in 2013, Bob Maresca became the Chief Executive Officer. Nhờ có hãng loa Bose mà Amar Bose nằm ở … Summary of Bose Edit. He is well known for founding the Bose Corporation(1964), an audio equipment designing, developing and selling company. [97] Bose did not trademark ".3" so in 1997 when Thiel introduced the next model in the series, they named it the "Thiel 2.3", advertising "the return of the decimal point. This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Amar Bose article. Bose Corporation is an American manufacturing company that predominantly sells audio equipment. The Bose 901 model name was a mainstay of the Bose line-up for many years, being produced from 1968 until 2016. Amar Bose là kỹ sÆ°, nhà phát minh, nhà kinh doanh người Mỹ gốc Ấn, là người sáng lập ra hãng loa Bose nổi tiếng. Bose Corporation (/boʊz/) is an American manufacturing company that predominantly sells audio equipment. Save more money with the biggest store about printable coupons, promo codes, discount & deals. The company was established by Amar Bose in 1964 and is based in Framingham, Massachusetts. [23][24][25], In June 2016, Bose and Flex manufacturing extended their strategic partnership. Amar Bose Engenheiro eletricista; Wiki Authority Control Authority control is a method of creating and maintaining index terms for bibliographical material in a library catalogue. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The company was founded in 1964 by Amar G. Bose, a professor of electrical engineering (who retired in … I wanted a vote. A prototype car had the ability to jump over an obstacle. They were one of the first stereo loudspeakers to utilize the space around them instead of reproducing sound as if in a vacuum. [96], Bose was successful in blocking QSC Audio Products from trademarking the term "PowerWave" in connection with a certain QSC amplifier technology. His mother was an American national who worked as a school teacher. Amar argued that the best measure of audio quality is the listener's perception. To comply with Bose's trademark of ".2" associated with the Bose Model 2.2 product,[96] Thiel changed their model name to "CS2 2", substituting a space for the decimal point.

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